Universe

Standard model of elementary particles: the 12 fundamental fermions and 4 fundamental bosons. Brown loops indicate which bosons (red) couple to which fermions (purple and green). Columns are three generations of matter (fermions) and one of forces (bosons). In the first three columns, two rows contain quarks and two leptons. The top two rows' columns contain up (u) and down (d) quarks, charm (c) and strange (s) quarks, top (t) and bottom (b) quarks, and photon (γ) and gluon (g), respectively. The bottom two rows' columns contain electron neutrino (ν_e) and electron (e), muon neutrino (ν_μ) and muon (μ), tau neutrino (ν_τ) and tau (τ), and the Z⁰ and W^± carriers of the weak force. Mass, charge, and spin are listed for each particle.